Damage of the 2011 tsumani in Japan [Source : © kariochi, Fotolia#95003063]The red curve shows that the number of annual natural disasters increased in the second half of the 1990s, followed by a fairly turbulent period between 2000 and 2010 with an average of 447 catastrophic events per year, and has stabilized at around 350 events per year since 2011. 0000008192 00000 n Their work has led to a better understanding of the physical processes involved in natural disasters. Publications All → 22 August 2018. Natural disasters: when the environment becomes a threat. de l’Equipe d’Accueil GESTER, Ed. Irrespective of their origins, they usually instigate physical, social, economic and/or environmental vulnerabilities. Vulnerability to natural hazards is thus the potential to be harmed by natural hazards. : “The vulnerability of societies and territories to natural threats”. Vulnerability to Natural Hazards. (2001) – The Risk Society. Natural risks in the mountains. The main concept of vulnerability expresses the multi-dimensionality of disasters by focusing attention on the totality of relationships in a given social situation which constitute a condition that, in combination with environmental forces, produces a disaster. It refers to both, the susceptibility to the negative socioeconomic impacts of environmental variability and the degree to which a community is capable of coping with, resisting, and recovering from the impacts of specific environmental events. 0000023381 00000 n Some people and places are more vulnerable to certain hazards than other people and places. During Disaster: It is to ensure that the needs and provisions of … Disaster Vulnerability and Environmental Justice The social dynamics that underlie the disproportionate environmental hazards faced by low-income communities and minorities also play out in the arena of disaster prevention, mitigation, and recovery. But recent events, such as Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005 or the Fukushima earthquake in Japan in 2011, highlight that poverty is not the only factor at stake. LANG, M., HEART, D. (2014). Remarkable floods in the 20th century: 2011 inventory for the Flood Directive. How does the damage and loss to people occur and its causes? A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources. environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources." Vulnerability is the extent to which a community, structure, services or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard.. Tangible and Intangible Vulnerability. The environment becomes threatening when nature expresses its devastating power through natural disasters that directly affect societies.This article aims to show how natural disasters have evolved in recent years and what their impacts have been on people. The characteristics determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of hazards. There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors. Understanding Disasters ... infrastructure, environment, essential services or means of livelihood on such a scale which is beyond the normal capacity of the affected community to cope with. Contemporary risks no longer come only from the outside as natural disasters are generally thought of, but they are also produced by society through its industrial activities and the use of technological advances [7]. This probability depends on multiple factors, which researchers are working to define and evaluate. Fundamentally, the perspective taken here is that disaster is socially constructed and that vulnerability is a dynamic process that depends on a host of contextual factors. But reducing vulnerability requires an understanding of its mechanisms. 0000008722 00000 n Paper published at the IT-GO Rosko 2014 seminar (Roscoff, 22-23 May 2014). We explain how science approaches the environment when it becomes a threat and what tools are used to observe, understand, model and predict natural phenomena and their possible impacts. Society » October 2001; Disaster Prevention and Management 10(4) ... and offering CBDRT training in the post-disaster environment. 0000052617 00000 n {LC~���6��{.�{n���!�dK۸x}l&h.��7� Disaster vulnerability in anthropological perspective In the study of disasters, the con-cept of vulnerability has been pri- ... tributions of certain populations in proximity to environmental and technological hazards and an individual or group ability to “anticipate, cope with, resist and recover” from disaster … BPoA+10 Regional Preparatory Meetings. Vulnerability Analysis David Alexander University College London 2. H�\�͊�0��y������Pa�-x��������=��;�.l@�� _2���X�~��{M���zgN�-���N�m{3�g���WT�,ӌC��Q��>hm�â���x���ނ�л�~��������?8��u��R[�TT����PGkٶ����˖j�2>�:Y�;q1��ɷC뮨��F��3�R���֓T�.��n�*N�c People with reduced mobility (the elderly, young children, disabled people) are more vulnerable than others. Vulnerability analysis should examine the risk faced by critical facilities, which are vital to the functioning of societies in disaster situations, such as hospitals and dispensaries, emergency services, transport, communication systems, essential services, etc. [Source: © CRED, Author: Lutoff, 2016]The CRED, Centre de Recherches sur l’Épidémiologie des Désastres, identifies all natural events that occur in the world and studies their evolution [1]. The vulnerability of our environmental, social and economic systems is made up of more than just the risk of disasters and good or bad management. xref BARA researchers have also done research on ranching and agricultural communities in Northwest Mexico. Vulnerability refers to the inability (of a system or a unit) to withstand the effects of a hostile environment. Home » The term includes economic, human and environmental impacts, and may include death, injuries, disease and other negative effects on human physical, mental and social well-being. DOI:10.1016/d.jhydrol.2008.07.044, [11] SHABOU, S., RUIN, I., LUTOFF, C., DEBIONNE, S., ANQUETIN, S., CREUTIN, J.-D. (2016). It derives from the interaction of social and environmental processes, from the combination of physical hazards and the vulnerabilities … Vulnerability analysis should examine the risk faced by critical facilities, which are vital to the functioning of societies in disaster situations, such as hospitals and dispensaries, emergency services, transport, communication systems, essential services, etc. The world’s population will approach nine billion people by 2050, altering the requirements of, and consequences for, our environment. Voltaire defends a naturalistic vision of the event and sees it as an unfortunate coincidence. Journal of Hydrology, 361(1-2): 199-213. Trends in the number of natural disasters and deaths between 1994 and 2015. According to 2015 statistics, between 1994 and 2015, more than 8,600 natural disasters killed more than 1.5 million people worldwide, or nearly 76,000 victims per year directly related to natural phenomena. Vulnerability is a state of susceptibility to harm from exposure to stresses associated with environmental and social change and from the absence of capacity to adapt (Adger, 2006). The components of risk Physical disaster Magnitude Frequency Duration Human vulnerability Exposure Location of hazard Environment Resistance Lifestyle and earnings Health Resilience Adjustments Risk reduction activities Preparations for disaster After Ian Davis (2005) The first scientists to focus on the risk-generating environment were earth or climate scientists. There are many different factors that determine vulnerability. Editions Quae. Atlas des risques en France: Prévenir les catastrophes naturelles et technologiques: Atlas Autrement. Finally, we explain how this research can be useful to operational actors in managing disaster situations and what developments are needed in how we view our relationship with nature, to cope with environmental changes and future natural disasters. The more capacity one has, the less vulnerable one is, and vice versa. Chemical releases caused by natural hazard events and disasters. Managing environmental health risks in emergencies. WHAT IS VULNERABILITY ? 0000009545 00000 n Historical information and engineering of natural hazards: the Isère and the Manival torrent. startxref We remember in particular the heat wave of 2003 causing 15,000 deaths, mainly among the elderly (link to article Climate change: effects on human health). Some social science researchers are questioning these new reports and the solutions that emerge from them, particularly in the face of the challenges of climate change. %%EOF 0 ^��O ����s` While these figures show that a single earthquake can be particularly deadly, climatic phenomena such as floods, storms, heat waves and heat waves are also to be feared in a context of climate change. Vulnerability in this context can be defined as the diminished capacity of an individual or group to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural or man-made hazard. Vulnerability is the inability to resist a hazard or to respond when a disaster has occurred. 0000013975 00000 n In addition to the concept of risk and vulnerability, there are also the concepts of adaptation and resilience. To see the environment as a potential danger therefore implies reconsidering man’s relationship with nature and its devastating power. Models have long been used by natural scientists to better understand complex natural phenomena, such as the circulation of cloud masses in the atmosphere. Disasters are often caused by nature but they can have human origins. Climate Change. Géorisques, n°1, coll. [6] BECK, U. Journal of Transport Geography, Submitted. Physical vulnerability includes the difficulty in access to water resources, means of communications, hospitals, police stations, fire brigades, roads, bridges and exits of a building or/an area, in case of disasters. The Environmental Encyclopedia is published by the Association des Encyclopédies de l'Environnement et de l'Énergie (www.a3e.fr), which is contractually linked to Grenoble Alpes University and Grenoble INP, and sponsored by the French Academy of Sciences. Disaster Risk = function (Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability) Growing exposure and delays in reducing vulnerabilities result in an increased number of natural disasters and greater levels of loss. learning-based disaster risk reduction e orts in the region. They can predict in advance certain extreme events (with varying degrees of certainty) such as storms, heavy rains, storms, heat waves (see the Air section for more information on weather events). Disaster risk, development and the environment Disasters are not random and do not occur by accident. [10] RUIN, I., CREUTIN, J. The awareness of the great changes taking place on a global scale, of the social responsibility of these great changes, thus invites us to reconsider our relationship with nature. The articles of the Encyclopedia of the Environment are made available under the terms of the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license, which allows reproducing them under the following conditions: Citing the source, no commercial use, sharing identical the initial conditions, reproducing with each use or distribution the mention of this Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license. publications de l’Université Paul-Valéry-Montpellier 3, pp. 2) Stock taking The severity of the impacts of disasters depends strongly on the level of exposure and vulnerability in the affected area, and evidence indicates that risk has increased worldwide largely due to increases in the exposure of persons and assets. Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazardsn Susan L. Cutter, University of South Carolina Bryan J. Boruff, University of South Carolina W. Lynn Shirley, University of South Carolina Objective. They are the convergence of hazards and vulnerable conditions. These trends are due to characteristics of both natural systems and human systems. Vulnerability Disaster or Shock. Figure 1, opposite, shows the evolution of the number of natural disasters and casualties over the past 20 years. Vulnerability to Disasters 1. Other vulnerability factors: Anthropogenic or Human and Developmental: Other available vulnerability factors include: incidence of poverty, access to urban centers and transportation facilities, and the state of the natural environment. 2. Reducing risks must therefore also include limiting the vulnerability of companies and their assets and activities. Emerging threats. It is not just about climate change, or globalisation, or trade agreements. Figure 1. Capacity and Vulnerability are opposite facets of the same coin. Disaster Risk Reduction within the BPoA+10 process. concentrations substantially increase disaster vulnerability, particularly of low-income urban dwellers. d���Y@�2))!y�����cIR���n��@Z��V�00~g��|���3���c|�$�p]PKH\(^�Y`�@��=�)�)00o)�uePc4ac0b2bb����ɛq#C3�1�Fڬ��l_1)1T�Ƙ˘�x�a�����2~V The preferred approach was to study vulnerability. Capacities, resources, and capitals are all capabilities and are often used interchangeably by vulnerability and resiliency researchers and theorists ( Norris et al., 2008 , Wisner, 2016 ). On the way to another modernity, translated from German by L. Bernardi. How does social groups The word vulnerability originally comes from the Latin term vulnus, which means wound. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, UR ETNA, Due to their frequency and sometimes very large volumes in young mountain ranges (Himalayas, Andes,…, Denis FABRE, Professor Emeritus of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers de Paris (CNAM), Construction & Energétique Team (ICENER), 4. “Floods in Ile de France”, “Major flood in Paris” headline in the newspapers in June 2016. 0000003231 00000 n Human exposure to flash floods. Examples include organizational or political factors: is society prepared for such events, can institutions react in time to limit impacts? Algeria was hit on 21 May by the 6.7 magnitude Boumerdès earthquake, which killed 2,300 people, injured 10,200 and left 180,000 homeless [2]. The latter concept is defined very differently. 0000113394 00000 n Generally speaking, vulnerability to environmental hazards means the potential for loss. [14] Villar Clara and David Michel (2014) Resilience, a tool for territories? In Annales des mines, Vol. Since losses vary geographically, over time, and among different social groups, vulnerability also varies over time and space. [1] Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, See http://www.cred.be/ and http://www.emdat.be/database, [2] BRGM, “Boumerdès earthquake (Algeria) of 21 May 2003. 0000002681 00000 n 0000027580 00000 n Vulnerability and risks. However, the subsequent tsunami killed more than 18,000 people and caused the Fukushima nuclear accident (see Figure 2). Disasters not only reveal underlying social, economic, political and environmental problems, but unfortunately contribute to worsening them. These questions are at the heart of current research on risks, particularly in the face of climate change. The concept of vulnerability encompasses a variety of definitions. If a large city develops in a country’s least hazardous location while a village is placed in a canyon subject to flash floods, rockfalls, avalanches, and more, then the overall disaster risk might be more for the village, despite the large difference in population-based vulnerability and depending how hazard and vulnerability are quantified for calculating disaster risk. 185 31 Vulnerability assessment has many things in common with risk assessment. rect and systemic economic losses. 0000042952 00000 n The research that continues to be developed in this area is essential, but it alone does not allow us to understand why some regions of the world are more affected by natural disasters than others. Vulnerability describes the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. Over the past centuries, science has made it possible to advance in the understanding of natural phenomena and to implement technical solutions that ensure a certain control of the phenomena. Environmental Vulnerability. Vulnerability to natural hazards is thus the potential to be harmed by natural hazards. In the disaster risk field, vulnerability is defined as the conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the Environmental vulnerability studies carried out by BARA researchers have focused on rural populations in the U.S.-Mexico border region of Arizona and Sonora. As early as 1755, following the earthquake that destroyed the great European capital Lisbon, killing some 60,000 people, exchanges between Rousseau and Voltaire raised the question of social responsibility in natural disasters. The concept of vulnerability encompasses a variety of definitions. “Social vulnerability highlights differences in the human capacity to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. 18, Editions Quae. 3. Vulnerability to Disasters 1. [�R33���N،Ol�~�I.Z"����j9����� 0000003118 00000 n While any one extreme event may be unusual, there are broad trends in natural hazards. How can this knowledge contribute concretely to reducing the number of victims and impacts? This debate heralds a major shift in the way we think about the links between risk and society. Consequently, policies aimed at addressing risk and vulnerability must … To understand it, it is necessary to take into account other explanatory factors, particularly human ones. UNISDR Terminology (2017) Vulnerability is one of the defining components of disaster risk. WHAT IS VULNERABILITY? 0000003342 00000 n Modelling thus makes it possible both to better understand what happens during the event and to exaggerate certain constraints to test particular hypotheses: if all individuals leave at the same time, take floodable routes and continue their journey regardless of the situation, what is the proportion of individuals who put themselves at risk? The work in this field has thus made it possible to identify certain specific factors. cx /� DK�� Keywords: education; disaster vulnerability; disaster risk reduction; Southeast Asia; review; policy implications 1. Poverty is a major factor in addressing global vulnerability: the poorest populations are also the ones most affected by natural phenomena. Step 4: Vulnerability analysis to determine the capacity (or lack of it) of elements at risk to withstand the given hazard scenarios! Nature once again recalls its power and worries inhabitants and public authorities when the environment becomes a source of risk for populations, their property and their activities. Chemical releases caused by natural hazard events and disasters. �y/o��"�[0���4��[4�E�|蟥����t������pM�$"��o0���$�fɘ"�,'�K������d�����N�������IMϘ׼ The idea is therefore not to accurately reproduce reality, but rather to give oneself the means to test the role played by the various factors involved in the process. REGHEZZA-ZITT, M., RUFAT, S. (2015). 0000045637 00000 n From hazard to management. On December 26, however, the 6.5 magnitude Bams earthquake struck south-east Iran, killing 35,000 people, injuring 30,000 and destroying almost the entire city [4]. Observation, analysis and modelling efforts are still required to meet the environmental challenges ahead. In 2004, the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami killed more than 226,000 people; in 2008, the Sichuan region of China was hit by an earthquake that killed more than 87,000 people; on 12 January 2010, a tremor of magnitude 7 on the Richter scale struck Haiti, killing more than 220,000 people. Definition of Environmental Vulnerability: The tendency of the environment to respond either positively or negatively to changes in human and climatic conditions. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins. The vulnerability of communities to hazards refers to their susceptibility to and capacity to cope with environmental stresses. -D., ANQUETIN, S., LUTOFF C. (2008). There are two broad types of vulnerabilities viz. A window of vulnerability (WOV) is a time frame within which defensive measures are diminished, compromised or lacking.. The vulnerability of our environmental, social and economic systems is made up of more than just the risk of disasters and good or bad management. 븛A?5̩�G�#`yGv�(�|���7H�9`W��Qrs�0�-��ߛ�&. VEYRET, Y., REGHEZZA, M. (2006). and environmental vulnerabilities ... and of the ways in which hazards and vulnerabilities are changing in the short and ... disaster prone areas ! [13] LANG, M., HEART, D., BROCHOT, S. (2003). In France, for example, of the 86 events that have struck the country over the past 20 years, the most deadly are extreme temperatures, with more than 24,000 deaths. Human vulnerability to natural hazards is further exacerbated by ongoing environmental degradation, high population densities in exposed areas, increased frequency of extreme weather events and lacking or ineffective government policies. Leonardo DiCaprio won an Oscar for his portrayal of fur trapper Hugh Glas… 0000036108 00000 n 15 September 2015. International Health Regulations (2005) and chemical events. However, much remains to be done to improve the overall understanding of what happens when the environment becomes threatening and to be able to deliver this type of information. How can such differences between the impacts of comparable earthquakes be explained in terms of magnitude? (dir.) To cite this article: LUTOFF Céline (2020), Natural disasters: when the environment becomes a threat, Encyclopedia of the Environment, [online ISSN 2555-0950] url : https://www.encyclopedie-environnement.org/en/society/natural-disasters-when-environment-becomes-a-threat/. Weather Forecast,[Online], accessed April 27, 2016, available at URL: http://www.meteofrance.fr/nous-connaitre/activites-et-metiers/la-prevision-meteorologique. It is therefore from natural disasters themselves that researchers are trying to better understand what vulnerability is, how it is expressed, in an attempt to reduce it. 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